Individual Assignments from the Readings Essay Example for Free

Individual Assignments from the Readings Essay 2- Define the distinctions between primary, secondary, and tertiary sources in a secondary search Primary source as stated is original data. Primary source is based in facts from the time period involved and have not been filtered through interpretation or evaluation. Therefore, primary sources is considerate the root of original materials on which other research is based, the first formal appearance of results in physical, print or electronic format. Primary sources present original ideas and thoughts, report a discovery, or conduct new information. Secondary sources are considerer less important than primary sources. Secondary Resources are material written after the fact that provides point of views of hindsight. The fact is that are interpretations and evaluations coming of primary sources. Secondary sources are not original materials, but rather opinions on and discussion of evidence in such information. According with the text, secondary search is easy to interpret as a tertiary source as well. Tertiary sources conduct an analysis of material which is a distillation and compilation of primary and secondary sources. Generally, consist in a summary of information provided with own point of view of such materials 3- What problems of secondary data quality must researchers face? How can they deal with them? The fact is that in some cases is vital to aware of the problems that can arise with secondary research so if it is that case the researcher will be able to work with these problems. Secondary search is in many cases the only material that a researcher can find on certain information; therefore, for a researcher this issue can have further problems and consequences putting together a new project as well. The problems of secondary data quality that a researcher must face is; â€Å"verifying and determining the value of the secondary sources the researcher would like to use† (Cooper Schindler, 2006). Researchers who use secondary sources must make their best efforts to verify the accuracy of the information. On the other, hand, is a fact that all sources need to be cited appropriately in a paper, even if they are only secondary in nature. For example, a researcher who cites an article about a political event should dig further to verify the information. To do this they may need to get primary source data of the politic event. It may not be the primary data to verify secondary data in research, but every effort must be made in order to prove the credibility of the sources being used in any research effectively. Chapter: 7 Discussion Questions 1- How does qualitative research differ from quantitative research? Generally, can be some researchers who feel that one is better than the other. A major difference between the two is that qualitative research is inductive and quantitative research is deductive. Quantitative research differs on numbers or quantities. Quantitative studies have results that are based on numeric analysis and statistics. In many cases, these studies have many participants. Perhaps is not abnormal that has there to be over a thousand people in a quantitative research study. It is good to have a large number of participants because this gives analysis more statistical accurately. Qualitative research studies are based on differences in quality, rather than differences in quantity. Results are in words or pictures rather than numbers. Qualitative studies usually have fewer participants than quantitative studies because the depth of the data collection does not allow for large numbers of participants. It important to remark that both, quantitative and qualitative studies have strengths and weaknesses, a particular strength of quantitative research is that statistical analysis allows for generalization to others. The goal of quantitative research is to choose a sample that closely resembles the population. Qualitative research does not seek to choose samples that are representative of populations and this make a considerable difference in both. 2- How do data from qualitative research differ from data in quantitative research? Data from qualitative research and quantitative research differs in many ways. When conducting research there will be a time when you have to decide between the use of qualitative and quantitative research. Understanding the differences in data that is gathered from these resources will help you decide what type of research you will need to use. â€Å"Material subtracted from qualitative research can contain different uses because the researcher can use as many knowledge as searcher can during research to adjust the data extracted from the next participant† (Cooper Schindler, 2006, Ch. 8). Although, this event influences the details of the data obtained by the research effectively, allowing data and research to condense through obtained information properly. In quantitative research identical data is desired from all participants, so evolution of methodology is not acceptable (Cooper Schindler, 2006, Ch. 8). Quantitative requires specific data to be retrieved at all time, and qualitative research allows for change. This difference also impacts the way that data from these research methods will be interpreted and analyzed. 5- Assume you are a manufacturer of small kitchen electrics, like Hamilton Beach/Proctor Silex, and you want to determine if some innovative designs with unusual shapes colors developed for the European market could be successful marketed in the U.S. market. What qualitative research would you recommend, and why? For this event, is good idea to suggest a focus group so doing that may collect information from a wide variety of participants regarding specific question (Henderson, 2009). Is important that to be sure that it has a good cross-section of people to be in the group and that their observations are honest and not biased in any way. This task may be difficult, but necessary to give it an honest try. In addition, by affirming theories to compile trough what people say and do, qualitative research is not based accusing of imposing theories upon participants. Is therefore, by maintaining detailed records of what its said and of what happens qualitative research does not limit the complexity of social life to anybody can manipulated equations. â€Å"Rather than skating on the surface of everyday life, its close contact and detailed recording allows the research to glimpse beneath the polished rhetoric, or the plausible deceits; it is able to take more time to focus upon the smaller yet powerful processes which other methods gloss over or ignore† (Schostak, 2009). In addition References University Libraries, University of Maryland (2010) Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sources, retrieved from: http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/primary-sources.html#tertiary on January 20, 2013 Cooper, D. R., Schindler, P. S. (2006). Business Research Methods (th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill retrieved on January 20, 2013 Henderson, N. (2009) Managing Moderator Stress: Take a Deep Breath. You Can Do This!. Marketing Research, Vol. 21 Issue 1, p28-29. Schostak, J.F. (2002) Understanding Designing and Conducting Qualitative Research in Education Framing the Project Open University Press Ganty, S. (2010) Problems with Secondary Data Research and How to Deal with It from: http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/5771198/problems_with_secondary_data_research_pg2.html?cat=3 Retrieved on January 20, 2013

Black Box And White Box Comparison Computer Science Essay

Black Box And White Box Comparison Computer Science Essay Testing is an important activity for checking the correctness of system implementations. We need to find out bugs in the system on unit level as well as on the integration or system level of testing. At unit level, we use white box testing approach to find bugs in the developed code whereas at integration or system level we use black box testing approach to validate the system functionality. In this paper, we will focus on these two widely used black box and white box approaches of software testing. We will compare various features of both approaches and find out which approach is useful on different stages of testing to find bugs in the softwares. Software testing is an important component of software engineering field and very important technique for improving software quality. There are two main techniques for software testing, white box testing and black box testing. Black box testing deals with the functionality of the system and is based on the software requirements. Black box testing is performed in user perspective while giving some input data and getting the valid output. White box testing is concerned with the inner design and structure of the system. White box testing is very helpful to find bugs in the softwares at initial level of testing. A couple of papers describe the black box and white box testing techniques while highlighting different features of both techniques [1] [2]. These papers also tell the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches and explained on which stages these approaches can be used. The papers also mentioned the testing cost and the tester skills for both the testing types. In this paper, we will look into detail in black box and white box testing. We will highlight their main technique and different features for both approaches. Based on their features, we will take a comparison of both techniques and we will analyze which technique is feasible for testing on certain stages of the software testing. As white box testing is used on the unit level and black box testing is used in integration or system level testing. So, using only white box or black box testing is not sufficient to find all bugs in the software. Both approaches have their own importance in testing softwares and finding bugs on different levels of the software testing. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 of this paper describes black box testing method in detail. Section 3 includes the detail of white box testing approach used to test software projects. Section 4 describes a comparison of both the testing approaches white box and black box testing. Section 5 concludes the paper. BLACK BOX TESTING Black box testing treats the system as a  black-box, so it doesnt explicitly use Knowledge of the internal structure or code. [1] Therefore black box testing is performed while giving inputs and getting the expected output. Black box testing verifies the correctness of the softwares behaviour and is referred as behaviour coverage. The focus of the black box testing is on functionality of the system. Black box testing requirement includes software requirements, uses cases only executable program and its data. These requirements are usually met during the middle phase of the development lifecycle when large pieces of code begin to operate together. Black box testing is performed when we do not have the source code. As the programming completes, its packaged as larger components of the code. This package is built by compiling, linking or binding the executable codes to demonstrate the collective code execution behaviour with inputs and outputs. [3] Here is the Black box testing diagram. Input Test data System Output Test results Diagram .1, Black box Testing Black Box Testing Techniques Developers usually focus on the positive testing by validating the expected behaviour of the code. Tester add values to black box testing by executing both positive and negative testing because the tester knows that most of the defects are found from the unexpected behaviour. Here are the techniques of Black box testing. Equivalence class technique In this technique the software data is divided into partitions of data and test cases are derived from it. This technique ensures that test cases are derived to cover partitioned data. According to this method one test case is enough for each partition to check the behaviour of the program. By using equivalence class technique test cases can be reduced because all test cases of a partition will not find any new faults in the program. The recommended black box approach for selecting equivalence class values includes values at the beginning, in the middle and end of the data range. We can understand this technique more with the help of the example. [3] Let us assume that a security system have to validate 5000 log on IDs when in production. Now tester can validate each logon IDs or on the other hand tester knows that there are only three categories of IDs clerks, supervisors, managers. Now sample from each category will be sufficient for the validation. Let us consider 50 logon IDs from each category. During validation if any of the 50 logon IDs for a given category is not accepted, increase the sample size of logon IDs for that category and continue testing. If the initial samples of 150 IDs for all three categories are correctly accepted then the tester has achieved the desired test results using only 3% of the possible test data. Boundary Value Analysis technique In this technique the analysis is extended of beginning and ending inputs value possibilities of an equivalence class. The boundary values are around the beginning and ending of a portion and functional errors from input and output data occurs around these boundaries. The boundary analysis begins by identifying smallest value increment in a specific equivalence class. This increment of smallest value is called boundary value epsilon. [3] It is used to calculate +/- value around the beginning and ending values in an equivalence class. If we take the above example then the boundary value for each category would be 49, 50, 51 for 50 value and 149, 150, 151 for 150 equivalence value. Equivalence classes remain smaller even by the addition of boundary test values. Expected result coverage Technique The expected result coverage technique focus on output test values for related input values. To get the expected results we need to find the business rules in the application requirement. The difference between expected results and actual results for any combination of input should cause further analysis to determine if the difference is faulty test design, unclear ambiguous rules or program error. [3] Error Guessing In this technique, Tester judge where bugs or errors can be hidden. Tester tests the application with the past experience and creates test cases to validate the different tasks. There is no specific tool used for this technique. Advantages of Black Box testing Here are the advantages to black box testing: Ease of Use Black Box testing is not involved in the inner functionality of the application so it is easy for the tester to create test cases by simple working through the application. Black box testers dont need high skills in programming rather low skilled persons can do black box testing. Quicker Test Case Development Test cases can be developed quickly because tester concerns only with the user interface. There is no need to identify the internal paths that may be involves in a specific process. The tester will cover the UI paths that a user may take so it makes quicker test development. [2] Simplicity Using black box testing even complex applications can be tested, that focuses on valid and invalid inputs and ensuring that the correct out puts are received. Issues of Black box testing The Followings are the few issues of black box testing approach. Fragility User interface interaction makes script fragile. The reason is because the UI may not be rendered constantly from time to time on different platforms. Unless the tool is capable dealing with difference in UI rendering, it is likely that test cases will fail to execute properly. [2] Lack of introspection One of the drawbacks of the black box testing is that it cannot look into inner logic of the application unlike the white box testing. Therefore black box testing can never test an application fully. Failure reason Another issue with the black box testing, it does not found the reason of the failure. It does not tell what causes the failure in the system. So pure black box testing does not guarantee 100% coverage of the tested component. WHITE BOX TESTING The white box testing involves the inner logic of the program and the test cases are constructed from the source code of the program. It is based on the knowledge of how the system is implemented. White box testing includes analyses of data flow, control flow, information flow, coding practice, exception and error handling within the system, to test the intended and unintended behaviour of the system. [1] White box testing requires access to the source code. When the code is developed, white box testing can be performed any time in the life cycle but it is good practice to perform white box testing during the unit level testing. The first step in white box testing is to analyze available design documentation, source code knowing what make software secure is a fundamental requirement. Second, to create tests that exploits software. Third thing is to perform testing effectively; testers need to know the techniques and tools used for the white box testing. White box testing normally do by the developers as an extension of code debugging activity. The developers usually focus on making the code work, which gives them the tendency to debug only the code they know works. Software testers add value to developer debugging activity by helping the developer plan and debug more of the code than usual. The more the logic test coverage attain while debugging, the fewer the defect will be discovered later by other kinds of testing. The earlier these defects can be discovered, the less expensive they are to correct. Research has not yet produced a white box approach that guarantees 100% logic test coverage for all situations. [3] Here is the diagram for white box testing. Static Analysis Manual Automated Inspection Walkthrough Symbolic Execution Static Verification Diagram .2, White Box Testing White Box Testing Techniques: White box testing verifies the correctness of the softwares statements, code paths, conditions, loops and data flow. The prerequisites of white box testing include the software requirements, use cases, the executable program, its data and its source code. Here are the techniques used for white box testing. Statement Coverage Technique This technique focuses on determining what percentage of the source code lines in a program has been executed. If there are 5,000 lines of source code in a program and you can determine manually or with a tool that you have executed 4,537 lines of source code, then you have achieved 90.7% statement coverage. A hypothesis in this context is that the higher the source code test coverage, the fewer will be the defects found later. The practical conclusion is the that new, unexecuted code lines are just a software time bomb waiting to explode at the most inopportune moment in production. [3] The question is not if they will explode, only the question is when. Branch coverage technique This technique focus on determining what percentage of source code branch (true/false) logic in a program has been executed. Suppose if there are 1,500 source code branch points in a program and we can determine manually or with a tool that we have executed 1,145 branches by counting true and false branch executions separately then we have achieved 76.3% branch point coverage. [3] The co-occurrence of unexecuted branches with unexecuted statements is found most often in untested error recovery logic. Testing simple condition branches before the compound condition branches requires fewer initial test actions. The developer needs to choose a test value that will force a true branch and any test value that will force a false branch, just two test values per branch. Compound Condition Coverage Technique This technique extends the branch coverage technique to branches with compound conditions, ones that contain combinations of Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT along with pairs of parenthesis, possible nested. In this technique, the challenge is to identify all the test value combinations that will evaluate to true and false for every simple condition and every Boolean combination of simple condition. Path Coverage Technique This technique focus on determining what percentage of source code paths in a program have been traversed completely. A source code path is the sequence of program statements from the first executable statement through a series of arithmetic, replacement input/out, branch and looping statements to a return/stop/end/exit statement. [3] If there are 943 different paths through a program and we can determine manually or with a tool that we have executed 766 of them, then we have achieved 81% path coverage. The underlying hypothesis is that the higher the path test coverage, the fewer will be the defect found later. Loop Coverage Technique This technique focus on determining what percentage of source code loop in a program has been cycled completely. In the programming languages, there are several loops like DO, FOR, WHILE and UNTIL. Some of the loops are a clever construct of IF statements and subsequent returns to these IF statements. The objective of the loop testing is to force the program through the loop zero time, one time, n/2 times (n is terminal loop value) n times and n+1 times. The one-time loop, n/2-time loop and n-time loop validate expected loop response at the beginning, middle and end of the longest loop. The zero-time and n+1 time loop tests for unexpected and inappropriate looping conditions. Advantages of White Box Testing Here is the list of the few common advantages of white box testing. Introspection Introspection is the ability to look inside the application and tester can identify objects programmatically. [2] It is helpful when UI changes frequently or the UI yet not known, It allows testing to proceed. In some situations it decreases the fragility of the test script provided the names of an object do not change. Stability White box testing delivers greater stability and reusability of test cases if the objects that include an application never change. Thoroughness White box testing is very helpful technique, where it is essential to know that every path has been thoroughly tested, that every possible internal interaction has been examined. [2] This technique gives tester the ability to be more thorough in terms of how much an application they can test. Issues with White box testing The issues with the white box testing are listed below: Complexity: The tester must have detailed programmatic knowledge of the application in order to test with white box testing technique. White box testing involves the internal logic of the applications code so this complexity requires highly skilled testers to develop test cases. Fragility Although introspection overcomes the issue of application changes breaking test scripts but the reality is that often the names of objects changes during product development. White box testing requires test scripts to be tightly tied to the underlying code of an application means that changes to the code will often cause white box test scripts to break. [2] Then it introduces a high degree of script maintenance into the testing process. Integration Due to the highly integrated nature of white box testing tools many do not provide support for more than one platform usually windows. In those companies where companies have applications that run on other platforms, they either need to use different tool or need to test manually. [2] COMPARING BLACK BOX AND WHITE BOX TESTING FEATURES Black box testing based on requirements, therefore also called behavioral or functional testing technique, whereas white box testing is based on the internal logic and structure of the project therefore also called structural testing. Black box testing creates test data without any aspect of the software structure, so this technique does not consider how the test object has been implemented but what its requirements are. On the other hand, in white box testing, the tests are derived from the structure of the tested object and tests are based on the actual implementation. [5] Black box testing methodology is used in integration level or system level because it does not need to look into source code but just need to execute a system by using input data and output result. On the other hand, white box testing is used for logical and analytic test in unit test level. Black box tester can be less technical in programming and has no bonds with the code so tester perception is very simple white box tester needs programming skills to identify and test all paths through the software. [3] In black box testing, test case can be designed as soon as the functional specifications are complete whereas in white box testing, test can be designed as the program code is developed. Black box tester used to verify contradiction in actual system and the specifications whereas white box tester chooses test case inputs to exercise paths through the code and determines the appropriate output. It reveals all errors hidden in the code. [6] Black box testing focuses on results and the user experience whereas white box testing focuses on the internal working and making sure that the application works as efficiently as possible. White box testing is time consuming especially when applied to the whole system but it directly identifies more bugs in the software. In black box testing, inputs need to be from large sample space to find expected results. There are some bugs that cannot be found using only black box or only white box testing. In black box, it is difficult to identify all possible inputs in the limited testing time so writing test cases is slow and difficult. In white box testing, it is not possible to test each and every path of the loop in a program so exhaustive testing is impossible for large systems. In black box testing some of the code may not be reachable without extraordinary measures, whereas white box testing does not tell if all the functionality has been implemented in the program. The comprehensive test coverage may be achieved only when black box and white box testing techniques are combined because both methodologies include various benefits of application testing. CONCLUSION As discussed above, Black box testing validates the functionality of the software and ensures that the system is working correctly according to the user requirements. Black box testing is less expensive as compare to white box testing and can be performed by the less technical individuals but Black box approach does not cover the comprehensive testing of the system. On the other hand, White box testing checks the internal structure, inner loops, conditions and logic of the code to verify the working of the code. White box testing is expensive and is performed by the skilled and technical individuals, but as the software size is getting huge, it is difficult to check out all parts of source code during integration or system level testing. As both testing methods have some pros and cons when applied on certain levels of testing. So using only one testing approach cannot guarantee bug free software. In the conclusion, we can say that the comprehensive testing of the system may be achieved by using both of the techniques for the software testing. White box testing can be used with black box testing to improve overall test effectiveness.

Aspirin: History, Effects and Synthesis

Aspirin: History, Effects and Synthesis Introduction Aspirin is a drug which is widely used today to deal with the symptoms of many minor illnesses ranging from general relief from aches and pain; muscle, tooth, headaches, and arthritis; to prevent blood clotting and reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack; lower fever and potentially prevent certain cancers. History of Discovery Aspirin has a great history of development which could be considered to have begun in the 3000BC where it was recorded that remedies from the willow tree were the most useful for the treatment of many ailments. Though it was not for another 1500 years that it was more specifically noted in the Elbers papyrus for its usage for pain relief and inflammation. For the next few thousands of year the willow tree bark was used for in much the same way, although it would not be until 1828, 4800 years after the discovery of its usefulness, that the active ingredient of willow bark was isolated by the German chemist Joseph Buchner who managed to obtain salicin, from the latin Salix, crystals. At the time the crystals were considered fairly pure but Henri Leroux, of France, managed to obtain them in purer forms a year later. Several other chemists/pharmacists made discoveries in the years following, all of which we now know contained Salicylic Acid. It was the Italian Chemist Raffaele Piria who managed to devise a method of containing a more concentrated acid form of salicin from the willow extract, which he named Salicylic Acid (SA). After these discoveries the usage of Salicylates, esters and salts of salicylic acid, became more widespread by doctors for treating pain, fever and inflammation but with limited success due to adverse side effects such as gastric irritation to the lining of the mouth and stomach. It was not until around 1897 that Felix Hoffmann of Bayer Pharmaceuticals developed a method of synthesising acetyl salicylic acid after he had be tasked to find a substitute to SA, that did not cause gastric irritation, 4 years earlier; by Eichengrunalong with Dreser(the pharmacist who developed heroin). Early clinical trials found aspirin to be a potent treatment and today it is the best known and most widely use medicine in the world where it is estimated that over 100 billion tablets or 40,000 tonnes are consumed each year. Unsurprisingly shortly after clinical trials finished acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) became the over the counter drug under the name of Aspirin, though in some countries Aspirin is no-longer holds trademark and has become a generic term for ASA. Synthesis The method of synthesis today involves the reaction of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of an acid catalyst such as sulphuric acid or phosphoric acid to give the products ASA and acetic acid. The process is a form of esterification reaction and thus is reversible. (Columbia.edu, n.d.) Method Salicylic acid is placed into a conical flask along with acetic anhydride while inside a fume hood wearing goggles and gloves as acetic anhydride is an irritant and the vapour is harmful is inhaled or reaches the eyes. The acid should then be added in a small quantity and the flask should be swirled to mix thoroughly. The mixture should then be warmed in a beaker of water for around 10 minutes to increase the rate of reaction. Alternatively the mixture could be refluxed over heat. The mixture can then be left to cool, and dried leaving an impure sample of ASA which can be purified. (Continue to Purification) Reaction Mechanism The oxygen atom of the phenol group initiates a nucleophilic attack on a carbon in a carbonyl bond of the acetic anhydride. As a result the oxygen of the phenol group becomes positively charged and the electrons forming the carbonyl bond in the acetic anhydride are pushed onto the oxygen of the bond and thus becomes negative. The bond between the hydrogen and oxygen in the phenol group breaks where the oxygen takes both electrons and becomes stable. The proton is ejected from the structure and the carbonyl bond then reforms as the oxygen delocalises the electrons it gained previously and becomes stable. (Carman, 2008) Purification The process of purification is relatively simple and is done by the process of hot and cold filtering. Distilled water should be added to the impure ASA crystals. Using the properties of ASA and the fact that it is soluble in hot water but virtually insoluble in cold water, any insoluble impurities can be removed by heating the mixture of water and ASA crystals to the point that the ASA crystals are just dissolved in the solution. This hot solution should then be filtered into a clean beaker. Any impurities which are insoluble are caught by the filter paper but the ASA which is soluble passes though. The hot filtered mixture should then be put into an ice bath to recrystallize it. When cold, using a Hirsch funnel, filter paper, a side arm flash, and a vacuum pump the mixture can be filtered once again. As the ASA will be crystalline it will be stopped by the filter paper and thus any soluble impurities are removed. What is left in the filter paper can be washed with distilled water and then dried. Providing the synthesising reaction was done to completion, the dried crystals should be a pure form of ASA or Aspirin. Method of Action of ASA As with many drugs which were developed early in the 20 century, the actual method that the drugs worked inside the body was not known. In the 1970’s a British Scientist Professor John Vane discovered that it blocked the enzyme Cyclooxygenase which is needed for the production of hormones related to the body’s natural inflammatory and pain responses. Vane won the Nobel Prize for Medicine for this work. (Aspirin-foundation.com, n.d.) One enzyme involved in inflammation is cyclooxygenase (COX). COX is responsible for the formation of a group of inflammatory mediators known as prostaglandins. COX activates a chemical known as thromboxane A2 that causes platelets to stick together to form a plug over the damaged area. The aggregation of platelets (plug), in concert with the clotting process, results in a fibrin clot which stops bleeding and aids repair of the blood vessel. Aspirin inhibits COX, in turn stopping the formation of prostaglandins; hence aspirin acts as an anti-inflammatory agent in this process. [In regards to thromboxane A2] thereby reducing the ability of platelets to aggregate. This is why aspirin is known as a ‘blood thinner’ or anti-platelet agent. (Aspree.org, n.d.) Side Effects As previously stated Aspirin inhibits COX which inhibits prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are produced by cells in the lining of the stomach and form majority of the barrier that protect the stomach wall from the concentrated Hydrochloric acid it contains. As a result ASA can result in stomach ulcers. Other side effects would likely to be irritation of the gut, indigestion and nausea. References Arias, J. (2014).Aspirin Synthesis. 1st ed. [eBook] pp.2-4. Available at: http://www.lahc.edu/classes/chemistry/arias/Exp 5 AspirinF11.pdf [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Aspirin-foundation.com, (n.d.).Aspirin Foundation What is Aspirin 100 Years of Aspirin. [Online] Available at: http://www.aspirin-foundation.com/what/100.html [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Aspree.org, (n.d.).How aspirin works. [Online] Available at: http://www.aspree.org/AUS/aspree-content/aspirin/how-aspirin-works.aspx [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Awtry, E. and Loscalzo, J. (2000). Aspirin.Circulation, [Online] 101(10), pp.1206-1218. Available at: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/101/10/1206.full [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Badd, C. and Perona, M. (1999).Synthesis of Aspirin. [Online] Wwwchem.csustan.edu. Available at: http://wwwchem.csustan.edu/consumer/aspirincons/aspirincons.htm [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Carman, S. (2008).Esterification: The Synthesis of Aspirin (ASA). 1st ed. [eBook] Available at: http://www.drcarman.info/kem220lb/01lab220.pdf [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Columbia.edu, (n.d.).Synthesis of Aspirin. [Online] Available at: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/chemistry/chem-c2507/navbar/Aspirin.ppt [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Nordqvist, C. (2009).What Is Aspirin? What Is Aspirin For? [Online] Medical News Today. Available at: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161255.php [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Scribd.com, (2009).Aspirin Synthesis and Analysis. [Online] Available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/13771504/Aspirin-Synthesis-and-Analysis [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Telow, S. (n.d.).Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin) Synthesis. [Online] Academia.edu. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/4728996/Acetylsalicylic_Acid_Aspirin_Synthesis [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Theuplbcollegestudent.blogspot.co.uk, (2011).College: Full Report: Synthesis of Aspirin. [Online] Available at: http://theuplbcollegestudent.blogspot.co.uk/2011/05/full-report-synthesis-of-aspirin.html [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014].

Harriet Martineau Essay -- Essays Papers

Harriet Martineau Although we think of sexism as a situation that has been dealt with, we still have much to learn. A key turning point in discrimination against women was the courageous actions of Harriet Martineau. Harriet was born in 1802, daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth Martineau. She grew up in a home without any encouragement for her education. Instead she was trained, as all other women in her life, to be a homemaker. However this did not stop her efforts to pursue her dream. Even though she risked exile from her family, friends, and society at whole, Harriet continued her studies of women’s lesser role in the social aspects of life. Harriet described her childhood as a â€Å"burdensome experience† (Household Education, 1849). Her mother held a strong sense of tyranny in their home due to her upbringing, believing in a more traditional way of child rearing. Men went to college and women stayed at home, her mother believed. Harriet felt she was trapped in this matriarchal way of life, until her father Thomas died sometime during the 1820’s. For her this was a chance to escape from her mother and an unfulfilling life. Because of the financial difficulties in their family now, she could finally be free from that middle class prison and was able to move out on her own. Now with the burden of her family difficulties lifted from her shoulders she was able to learn more about herself and follow her dream of being a writer. â€Å"I have determined that my chief subordinate object in life shall henceforth be the cultivation of my intellectual powers, with a view to the instruction of others by my writings (http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/martineau.html),† she said. With an aspiring attitude she started writing. Initially, her writings were more religious in nature because of her belief in Unitarianism. Later however, she adapted Necessarianism, which allowed her to use a more social scientific viewpoint. This lead to even greater success in her writing. Her first work was published anonymously in 1823 in the Unitarian Journal called Monthly Repository. This had a huge impact among readers and was a profound start to her career. Later when her brother James Martineau found out that she was the author he said, â€Å"now dear, leave it to the other women to make skirts and darn stockings, and you devote yoursel... ...lete invalid worsening her health even more. By 1870s she had to slow down her activity in her studies of sociology. And finally in 1876 Harriet died of bronchitis. Twenty years before that she had already written her obituary. People said it was in her usual fashion to be so prepared. She saw the human race, as she believed, advancing under the law of progress; she enjoyed her share of the experience, and had no ambition for a larger endowment, or reluctance or anxiety about leaving the enjoyment of such as she had (Pichanick, 239). Works Cited Hill, Michael R. Women In Sociology "Harriet Martineau" p. 289-297 Chapman, Maria Westman ed. Harriet Martineau's Autobiography Boston, James Osgood, 1877. Pichanick, Valerie K. Harriet Martineau, The Woman and Her Work, 1802-76: University of Michigan Press, 1980. Kellor, Frances. â€Å"Harriet Martineau.† Women’s Intellectual Contributions to the Study Of Mind and Society. http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/martineau.html http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/martineau.html Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc.15th edition. Chicago/ Auckland/Geneva/London/Madrid/Manila/Paris/Rome/Seoul/Sydney/Tokyo/Tor-onto, 1974-89.

Essay --

Paul Jobs was raised in Germantown, Wisconsin and became a Coast Guard in World War II. He made a bet with his friends that he would be able to find a wife within two weeks. He met Clara Hagopian, who was born in New Jersey after her parents fled the Turks in Armenia, and the couple was engaged within ten days. Clara realized that she could not have children, so the married couple looked at adoption (Issacson 28-29). Joanna Schieble was a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin. She lived within a strict household where her father was extremely strict about dating. When Joanna met Abdulfattah Jandali, a Muslim teaching assistant from Syria, her father threatened to disown her. She went with Abdulfattah to Syria and two months later when they returned, found out she was pregnant. Keeping the baby and abortion were not options the couple considered. When Joanna found out the adoptive couple were Paul and Clara Jobs, she made them promise that they would keep a college fund fo r the baby. Steve Jobs was born on February 24th, 1955. After some reluctance, Joanna signed the adoption papers and gave Steve Jobs to his new parents (Issacson 30-31). Steve Jobs knew from a young age that he was adopted. Many of his close friends believe that the awareness that he was given up as a baby made him into the independent person he grew up to be (Issacson 32). Jobs has said that he knows people say that the reason why he has worked so hard was because he wanted his biological parents to want him back, but Steve said that is not true. (Issacson 33). Steve’s father is the person that introduced Steve to technology. Paul worked on cars often, and although Steve did not like to get his hands dirty, he loved doing whatever he could to help h... ...nd Swainey). The students at this school probably have no idea who Steve Jobs is, but he caused their school to be picked as one of the most advanced in technology because of Jobs. Amy Heimerl is a teachers that works at Park Avenue Elementary School in Auburn, Maine. She works in a school district that encompasses iPads in the classroom. Her class consists of 22 students. She formed an individual learning experience for each student by putting the same library of applications on each student’s iPad and then moved certain applications to each student’s folder. The students have easy access to learning materials that help them progress faster. The iPad stimulated students to think individually and they were more apt to share what they learned with others (â€Å"See Inspiration†). Steve Jobs has changed the way the world uses technology in everyday life.

Details Of Hiv And Aids Health And Social Care Essay

The intent of composing this paper was to farther educate myself, and any other readers, on the inside informations of HIV and AIDS. As a kid turning up in the 1980s, I vividly remember the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic here in the United States. The media was saturated with information ; so much so that even at a comparatively immature age I remember being reasonably good informed about ( and terrified of ) the disease. The positive was that that fright, and the sum of information that I had accumulated, stuck with me through life. I practiced safe sex ( every bit much as possible ) non merely to forestall gestation, but largely to avoid catching HIV or any other STI. Recently something occurred to me. I can non remember the last clip I ‘ve heard reference of HIV or AIDS in the media. While it ‘s non surprising the topic is n't the hot subject it was about 30 old ages ago, this deficiency of attending may be a hurt to younger coevals ‘s cognition of the disease. I ca n't talk about the Public School system, but in my ain ( private, spiritual school ) instruction from K – 12th class, I can mensurate the sum of sexual instruction I received in mere hours. It ‘s difficult to be concerned about a subject you may cognize following to nil approximately. My ain cognition of these diseases has non grown since high school. This was the inspiration to take this subject to compose on. I feel this subject is particularly relevant to college age pupils. At this clip in their lives, they may happen many chances to prosecute in hazardous behaviours that may take to exposure to HIV/AIDS. Without proper cognition, it may be easy to disregard the disease as non being unsafe any longer. After all, why worry about it if no 1 talks about it any longer? It must non be that large of a trade, right? Students this age demand to cognize that the disease is still prevailing, still incurable, and still really lifelessly. Being informed agencies they have the tools to protect themselves and do better picks to remain safe. HIV ( Human Immunodeficiency Virus ) and AIDS ( Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ) are classified as a retrovirus, intending that it replicates by occupying a normal organic structure cell, destructing the cell ‘s Deoxyribonucleic acid and so copies its ain Deoxyribonucleic acid into the cell ‘s chromosomes. By reiterating this procedure over and over the virus spreads through the host. Infections begin by geting HIV. As the virus spreads, it begins to assail and destruct the organic structure ‘s immune system cells, specifically CD4+ T-cells. Once a individual ‘s measured CD4+ falls below half of the normal sum and they have developed one or more timeserving infections, they are diagnosed as holding AIDS. ( Johnson, 2008 ) ( The effects of the virus on the organic structure will be detailed in a ulterior subdivision ) To convey the HIV virus, bodily fluids such as seeds, vaginal fluids or blood of an septic individual must come in the blood stream of another. As such, some of the most common paths of infection include unprotected sex and sharing acerate leafs used for endovenous drug usage, tattooing or organic structure piercing. Other methods include blood transfusions ( though current testing techniques have reduced this to virtually nil ) or mother-to-infant transmittals through blood during gestation or bringing, or through breast milk while nursing. ( Hunter, 2005 ) The first instance of HIV/AIDS was non discovered until around 1981, in the United States. Within one twelvemonth, 1500 new instances of what would finally go known as AIDS were diagnosed. ( Patton, 2002 ) Since that clip the figure of people known to be populating with HIV/AIDS worldwide has skyrocketed. Harmonizing to statistics from the World Health Organization, as of 2008 about 33.4 million people across the Earth are presently populating with HIV. ( World Health Organization [ WHO ] , 2008 )How common is the problem/issue in the United States?For the first several old ages of the epidemic the reported instances of AIDS in the United States continued to lift, hitting a high point of 79,752 new instances being reported in the twelvemonth 1993. From the beginning of the epidemic in 1981 through the twelvemonth 2000, and estimated sum of 733,374 people had been diagnosed with AIDS. ( McElrath, 2002 ) Since so the figure of new instances has decreased and become reasonably changeles s, with the new estimation being about 37,991 new instances reported and a cumulative sum of 1,106,391 people diagnosed with the disease since the start. The figure of people populating with HIV in the United States has continued to lift over the old ages, and it is estimated that as of 2006 over 1 million people are infected with the disease, with 42,439 new instances reported in 2008. ( Center for Disease Control and Prevention [ CDC ] , 2010 ) The disease seem to be more prevailing among work forces. 73 % of all new HIV/AIDS instances diagnosed in 2006 were work forces. ( Hock, 2007 ) Certain cultural groups are disproportionately affected by the disease every bit good. African Americans make up about 12 % of the U.S. population, but history for about half of the entire population life with the disease every bit good as half of the new infections reported per twelvemonth. Likewise, Hispanics/Latinos comprise 17 % of the state ‘s population but history for for 17 % of those populating with the disease and the same per centum of new infections per twelvemonth. ( CDC, 2010 ) The rate of new infections among both sexes of these minorities is several times that of Caucasians. HIV/AIDS is besides more prevailing amongst the immature, specifically striplings and immature grownups. Of the sum reported instances of AIDS through 2008, merely about 9,349 were diagnosed in kids under the age of 13. The age scope of 20 – 40 seems to be the hardest hit, and comprises about 2/3 of the entire figure of instances reported in the U.S. through 2006. ( CDC, 2008 )How common is this problem/issue in other states?Sub-saharan African states have been hit the hardest by HIV/AIDS. Of the 33.4 million people in the universe life with the disease, over two tierces of them ( 22.4 million ) reside in this country of the universe. It is estimated that in 2008 entirely, 1.9 million new people were infected with the disease. South Africa itself is place to an estimated 5.7 million people infected with HIV/AIDS. ( Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS [ UNAIDS ] , 2009 ) Prevalence rates of the disease vary from state to state, but about all are above 10 % . The state with the highest degree of prevalence is Swaziland, with 26 % of its grownup population infected with HIV. ( WHO, 2008 ) The chief method of transmittal of the disease in this part is via heterosexual sexual contact, although the â€Å" usual † hazard groups are besides represented. In blunt contrast to the United States in respect to prevalence rates between sexes, Sub-saharan adult females are the bulk of the septic. As of 2008, 60 % of the entire HIV infections in the part were female. This is thought to be largely due to the sex trade in the part ; nine states have reported that over 30 % sex trade workers are confirmed HIV positive. ( UNAIDS, 2009 ) There is good intelligence sing the epidemic in the part. Many states have been sing diminutions in prevalence rates and new infections over the past old ages. For illustration, Zimbabwe, which in 1997 reported an grownup prevalence rate of merely under 30 % has seen a steady diminution since so. It ‘s current rate of 15 % , while still high, shows unbelievable advancement in decelerating the spread of the disease. The figure of entire people populating with the disease is really high, but portion of the figure is due to the fact that septic people of the part are get downing to populate longer thanks to better intervention options. ( WHO, 2008 ) This, coupled with better consciousness and instruction of the disease and a general displacement towards better sexual patterns is get downing to convey a step of control of the epidemic Tho the part, but much more work demands to be done to truly acquire a grip on the job.What are the negative effects of this job on the person, house hold, and society?The most obvious consequence of the disease on the person is, to be blunt, decease. As HIV continues to destruct a individual ‘s immune system, they become susceptible to timeserving infections. This means that sicknesses that a normal immune system could contend off with easiness become serious jobs in those with the disease. It is these infections that cause decease due to AIDS ; the organic structure becomes more and more worn down by invariably combating the disease and its infections until it merely can non go on to contend. ( Hunter, 2005 ) There are other effects non limited in range to the septic individual ‘s organic structure. In the earlier old ages of the epidemic when cognition of the causes and transmittal methods of HIV/AIDS was ill-defined, there was a definite fright of those populating with the disease. This increased as it was made clear that the disease was non entirely limited to homosexual work forces or injection drug users, the two groups who comprised the bulk of initial diagnosings. Some provinces enacted Torahs to divide septic individuals from the remainder of the population. ( Siplon, 2002 ) People populating with the disease lost their occupations and medical insurance due to their septic position. They besides found themselves alienated by friends and household who merely did n't cognize how to get by. ( Patton, 2002 ) There was a definite feeling of a divide in society between those with the disease and those without. A illustration of such a divide could be seen in the instance of Ryan White in 1985. Ryan was 13 old ages old at the clip he was diagnosed with AIDS received via a blood transfusion. When his infected was discovered he was barred by school functionaries from returning to category. After taking the affair to tribunal and winning he was allowed to return to category merely to confront more favoritism. Even though wellness governments assured the populace that the disease could non be transmitted casually, people did non like the thought of a kid infected with a fatal disease around their kids. Protests occurred outside the school daily, and the full household was capable to menaces and other signifiers of torment until they were finally forced to relocate to a more accepting community. ( Siplon, 2002 ) Today, with better apprehension of the disease and its transmittal methods there is far less fright of those infected with the disease. However, there still seems to be a spot of a stigma attached to being infected with the disease, possibly likely due to the fact that is still at this clip incurable. ( McElrath, 2002 )Describe how another civilization or state view this job.One interesting instance to analyze is that of Kenya. While other states acted to seek to control the spread of HIV/AIDS, Kenya did non. Alternatively, Kenya continued to deny the significance of the disease, both politically and and socially. A strong stigma was attached to what the state viewed as â€Å" a disease of homophiles and aliens † . No Torahs exist to protect septic people from favoritism. HIV trials are platitude in the employment procedure, and negative consequences are required to measure up for most life and wellness insurance policies. ( McElrath, 2002 ) There has even been talk of impleme nting a policy of compulsory presentment of sexual spouses by people infected with HIV. ( Patton, 2002 ) The community as a whole seems loath to face the possibility that they may be infected. As such, the sum of people who choose to voluntarily be tested for the disease is really low. Peoples are besides really loath to uncover their HIV positive position to others due to the ostracization that may happen. Kenya has been slow in its attempts to battle the disease. Attempts have been made but seem to ever hit opposition, or merely a dreamy attitude toward the job. Plans to include information about generative wellness and HIV/AIDS into the school course of study were met with heavy resistance from parents and the spiritual elements of the authorities, and were finally abandoned. In 1997 Parliament passed a sessional paper detailing the state ‘s program to stem the disease, but it did non hold the power of jurisprudence. Since so few of the commissariats that were set Forth in the paper have come to fruition ; the authorities still seems to be dragging its pess to turn to the issue caput on. A National Aids Control Program was established, but placed really low in political importance and has been mostly uneffective. ( McElrath, 2002 )Describe at least two ways how 1 might get by with this sexual job or issue.It is true that there still is no remedy for HIV/AIDS, but medical interv entions of the disease have improved greatly over the old ages. In the early old ages, there was merely one drug known to battle the HIV virus: AZT ( azidothymidine ) . Before that drug existed, physicians were limited to handling the timeserving infections that developed in their patients ( Patton, 2002 ) Nowadays there are upwards of 30 different drugs. The most common drug intervention therapy is called HAART ( Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy ) , more normally known as the â€Å" AIDS cocktail † . In this therapy a patient will take a combination of several different anti-HIV drugs. This slows the patterned advance of the disease into full blown AIDS ( by several old ages, in some instances more than 20 ) , evidently increasing the endurance rate of the patient. Even after the oncoming of AIDS, HAART intervention can assist forestall timeserving infections from developing. This comes at a monetary value ; long term usage of this therapy could take to other serious wel lness hazards such as coronary bosom disease. A patient may besides construct an unsusceptibility to a type of drug over clip. ( Hock, 2007 ) Many policies sing HIV/AIDS have besides been instituted. One of the biggest is the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency ( CARE ) act enacted in 1990. This provided federal support to plans that provide attention and other support for people infected with the disease. There are plans aimed at bar of the disease, such as ( voluntary ) HIV/AIDS instruction in schools, doing AIDS information available to the general public every bit good as aiming specific high hazard demographics, to controversial plans such as needle exchange plans for endovenous drug users and doing rubbers readily available in high schools. The Americans with Disabilities Act included people populating with HIV/AIDS, protecting them by jurisprudence from favoritism. ( Siplon, 2002 ) All of these techniques have helped to increase the quality and length of life for septic people.Choose the attack you feel best addressed and/or solves the problem/issue and depict why this method is better.While I believe research to forestall and perchance bring around the disease is a worthy outgo of resources, modern medical specialty is still a long manner from happening a remedy. To truly extinguish the disease, the first measure should be to seek to extinguish the causes of it. Therefore, it is my sentiment that the better header method would be to concentrate on policies and plans to battle HIV/AIDS, specifically plans on bar. There is grounds that such plans work. In one survey done in New York between 1990 – 2001, after needle exchange plans were implemented HIV prevalence dropped from a high of 54 % to a depression of 13 % . ( Patton, 2002 ) An Australian study stated that during 1990 – 2000, an estimated 25,000 HIV infections had been averted due to needle exchange plans. ( McElrath, 2002 ) Although these plans are controversial, they produce consequences. Possibly the strongest instance point is Uganda, located in Sub-Saharan Africa. The authorities responded caput on to the disease when the range of the epidemic became clear. It implemented policies for attention of the septic, plans to distribute instruction and consciousness of the disease and its methods of transmittal, and better sex instruction for the population. It besides better educated people of the methods for safer sex, and made rubbers widely available and provided direction on proper usage. ( McElrath, 2002 ) The consequence of these policies is amazing ; prevalence of HIV in Uganda has dropped from a high of 15 % to an unbelievable 5 % . ( UNAIDS, 2008 ) This shows that decently funded and executed plans and policies can hold a profound affect on the prevalence of the disease. While it ‘s non a remedy, decelerating and possibly halting the spread of HIV/AIDS is the best class of action to prosecute while scientific discipline continues to seek for a lasting remed y.Describe at least one get bying technique or method utilized by another civilization or state.The state of Brazil ‘s National AIDS plan ( PN-DST/AIDS ) has instituted legion policies for intervention of those with HIV/AIDS every bit good as instruction and awareness plans aimed to stem the spread of the disease since its origin in 1985. Possibly the most extremist policy is that of supplying free drug intervention therapy ( including HAART ) to anyone necessitating it. Numerous ( but still non all ) infirmaries are equipped and able to supply equal attention for septic people. Surveies of the epidemic in the state are performed on a regular basis every two old ages to track incident rates and roll up other statistics. Millions of dollars have been spent on telecasting and wireless runs to assist educate and distribute consciousness of the disease in the population. Educational stuffs were made widely available to the people ( with specific stuffs distributed to the high haza rd public ) and a monthly paper detailing the disease and bar techniques is distributed to rate school pupils. Programs advancing rubber usage and distribution were besides created. Several hundred nongovernmental organisations formed with partial support from PN-DST/AIDS and have been priceless helping in the executing of these plans. ( Okie, 2006 ) While an project of this magnitude is a baronial attack to contending the disease, it comes at a steep monetary value. Funding for PN-DST/AIDS came about entirely from an tremendous loan granted by the World Bank ( about $ 650 million ) Obviously this debt entirely is a monolithic hurdle for the state to get the better of in the coming old ages. It must besides non merely acquire out from under the debt, but continue to fund the plans without incurring heavier debt. The drugs provided free to patients are highly expensive to purchase, and at that place have been jobs maintaining the supply filled adequately ( this is frequently made the duty of province or other municipal services ) . ( McElrath, 2002 ) Even with these jobs the state has made definite headroom in contending the disease.DecisionHIV/AIDS is still as lifelessly today as it was when it was foremost discovered. However, much advancement has been made in contending the disease. We now have drug interventions that greatly i ncrease the length of life of septic people, and are more educated world-wide on the inside informations of the disease and how to avoid it. I believe these are the grounds why at that place seems to be less attending paid to the disease in current times. With better cognition and interventions, the fright that the disease one time spread has dramatically decreased. Many new infections occur every twelvemonth, but the Numberss are far less than they used to be. There is besides less of a stigma placed on persons populating with the disease. While this surely is a good thing, we ( talking globally ) can non go lazy in our attempts. Education and bar plans must go on to see that future coevalss are able to properly protect themselves. HIV/AIDS is non a disease that is typically acquired through sheer opportunity ; certain behaviours open us up to changing degrees of hazard. Until the clip comes ( if it of all time does ) that we find a complete remedy, forestalling new incidents of the disease is where our attempts need to be focused.

Creative writing assignment Essay

To describe myself in three adjectives, one of the words would have to be that Im ambitious. To be ambitious is to be eager and greatly desirous. For example, I play on an ice hockey team and lots, if not all, are all skating drills where its really tiring, but yet, the day before practices, I am always excited and eager to play the next day, where I no that many other players hate going to practices. Another example would be that I make many goals that I always try my best to achieve which most of the time motivate me to try even harder. For example, at the beginning of grade seven, I made a goal to be on the honor roll while being on as many school teams as possible for each of my years at junior high, and I achieved that goal with flying colors. This year, my goal is to make it on the honor roll once again and also to be on the junior volleyball school team, and by making that a goal for me, it makes me try even harder to achieve it. The second word I would use to describe myself would be trustworthy. To be trustworthy is to be reliable and to be worthy of confidence. I use this word to describe myself because I am the kind of person that you can trust with anything from something in words or something material. If someone were to tell me something with confidence that I wouldnt tell another person, that someone wouldnt have to worry because I would never break the trust that that someone puts in me. If someone has enough confidence in me to tell me something or ask me to hold something for him or her, it shows me that they have trust in me, to me, that is a big complement, and if I were to break that trust, I would lose that complement forever. For example, my parents trust me enough to stay home alone from time to time, and the only reason they do is because I havent broken their trust before. The third and final word I would use to describe myself is athletic. Unlike the other adjectives I used, athletic is a word that always pops into my head whenever I am asked to describe myself. Although it isnt as deep as the other two, I felt the need to put it as one of my three adjectives because without it, it just doesnt feel like me. The reason I use this word to describe myself is simple, because I play a lot of sports and I enjoy them more then anything. Ive been athletic about all my life, and I feel it is important for everyone to be physically fit especially while youre young, it  makes u feel better about yourself and even has many long term life saving effects.